edu.ucar.opensky::articles:25358 UCAR/NCAR - Library OpenSky Support PO Box 3000 Boulder CO 80307-3000 opensky@ucar.edu http://opensky.ucar.edu/ homepage pointOfContact 2025-12-24T22:46:18.936255 ISO 19115-2 Geographic Information - Metadata - Part 2: Extensions for Imagery and Gridded Data ISO 19115-2:2009(E) https://n2t.org/ark:/85065/d7g164hg https://doi.org/10.26190/K6XA-T076 https Related Dataset #1 LOVECLIM ocean and sea-ice results https://doi.org/10.26190/unsworks/1636 https Related Dataset #2 LGM seasonal sea ice multi-model mean for PMIP3, PMIP4 and LOVECLIM sensitivity runs Evaluating seasonal sea-ice cover over the Southern Ocean at the Last Glacial Maximum 2022-04-20T00:00:00Z publication https://n2t.org/ark:/85065/d7g164hg https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-18-845-2022 Green, R. A. author Menviel, L. author Meissner, K. J. author Crosta, X. author Chandan, D. author Lohmann, G. author Peltier, W. R. author Shi, X. author Zhu, Jiang author UCAR/NCAR - Library publisher Southern hemispheric sea-ice impacts ocean circulation and the carbon exchange between the atmosphere and the ocean. Sea-ice is therefore one of the key processes in past and future climate change and variability. As climate models are the only tool available to project future climate change, it is important to assess their performance against observations for a range of different climate states. The Last Glacial Maximum (LGM, similar to 21 000 years ago) represents an interesting target as it is a relatively well-documented period with climatic conditions very different from preindustrial conditions. Here, we analyze the LGM seasonal Southern Ocean sea-ice cover as simulated in numerical simulations as part of the Paleoclimate Modelling Intercomparison Project (PMIP) phases 3 and 4. We compare the model outputs to a recently updated compilation of LGM seasonal Southern Ocean sea-ice cover and summer sea surface temperature (SST) to assess the most likely LGM Southern Ocean state. Simulations and paleo-proxy records suggest a fairly well-constrained glacial winter sea-ice edge between 50.5 and 51 degrees S. However, the spread in simulated glacial summer seaice is wide, ranging from almost ice-free conditions to a seaice edge reaching 53 degrees S. Combining model outputs and proxy data, we estimate a likely LGM summer sea-ice edge between 61 and 62 degrees S and a mean summer sea-ice extent of 14-15 x 10(6) km(2) , which is similar to 20 %similar to 30 % larger than previous estimates. These estimates point to a higher seasonality of southern hemispheric sea-ice during the LGM than today. We also analyze the main processes defining the summer sea-ice edge within each of the models. We find that summer sea-ice cover is mainly defined by thermodynamic effects in some models, while the sea-ice edge is defined by the position of Southern Ocean upwelling in others. For models included in both PMIP3 and PMIP4, this thermodynamic or dynamic control on sea-ice is consistent across both experiments. Finally, we find that the impact of changes in large-scale ocean circulation on summer sea-ice within a single model is smaller than the natural range of summer sea-ice cover across the models considered here. This indicates that care must be taken when using a single model to reconstruct past climate regimes. UCAR/NCAR - Library OpenSky Support PO Box 3000 Boulder CO 80307-3000 opensky@ucar.edu http://opensky.ucar.edu/ homepage pointOfContact PDF Text theme Resource Type 2016-01-01T00:00:00Z publication Copyright author(s). This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. None eng geoscientificInformation