Identification

Title

Exploring the impact of sea surface temperature and salinity on SMAP excess surface emissivity

Abstract

<span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px;background-color:rgb(255, 255, 255);color:rgb(51, 51, 51);display:inline !important;float:none;font-family:"HelveticaNeue Regular", sans-serif;font-size:18px;font-style:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;orphans:2;text-align:start;text-decoration-color:initial;text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-thickness:initial;text-indent:0px;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;widows:2;word-spacing:0px;">The soil moisture active passive (SMAP) instrument has been used to infer sea surface wind speed from its brightness temperature measurements. To do so, the SMAP wind speed retrieval process requires the removal of sea surface temperature (sst) and sea surface salinity (sss) impact on brightness temperature. Estimating the so-called excess surface emissivity ( <span class="MathJax" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px;background-color:rgb(255, 255, 255);border-width:0px;box-sizing:border-box;color:rgb(51, 51, 51);direction:ltr;display:inline;float:none;font-family:"HelveticaNeue Regular", sans-serif;font-size-adjust:none;font-size:18px;font-style:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;line-height:normal;margin:0px;max-height:none;max-width:none;min-height:0px;min-width:0px;orphans:2;overflow-wrap:normal;padding:0px;text-align:left;text-decoration-color:initial;text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-thickness:initial;text-indent:0px;text-transform:none;white-space:nowrap;widows:2;word-spacing:0px;" id="MathJax-Element-1-Frame" tabindex="0"><nobr style="border-width:0px;box-sizing:border-box;line-height:normal;margin:0px;max-height:none;max-width:none;min-height:0px;min-width:0px;padding:0px;text-decoration:none;transition:none;vertical-align:0px;white-space:nowrap !important;"><span class="math" style="border-width:0px;box-sizing:content-box;display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin:0px;padding:0px;position:static;text-decoration:none;transition:none;vertical-align:0px;width:1.563em;" id="MathJax-Span-1"><span style="border-width:0px;box-sizing:content-box;display:inline-block;font-size:21.78px;height:0px;line-height:normal;margin:0px;padding:0px;position:relative;text-decoration:none;transition:none;vertical-align:0px;width:1.288em;"><span style="border-width:0px;box-sizing:content-box;clip:rect(1.38em, 1001.24em, 2.39em, -999.998em);display:inline;left:0em;line-height:normal;margin:0px;padding:0px;position:absolute;text-decoration:none;top:-2.247em;transition:none;vertical-align:0px;"><span class="mrow" style="border-width:0px;box-sizing:content-box;display:inline;line-height:normal;margin:0px;padding:0px;position:static;text-decoration:none;transition:none;vertical-align:0px;" id="MathJax-Span-2"><span class="mi" style="border-width:0px;box-sizing:content-box;display:inline;font-family:MathJax_Main;line-height:normal;margin:0px;padding:0px;position:static;text-decoration:none;transition:none;vertical-align:0px;" id="MathJax-Span-3">Δ<span class="texatom" style="border-width:0px;box-sizing:content-box;display:inline;line-height:normal;margin:0px;padding:0px;position:static;text-decoration:none;transition:none;vertical-align:0px;" id="MathJax-Span-4"><span class="mrow" style="border-width:0px;box-sizing:content-box;display:inline;line-height:normal;margin:0px;padding:0px;position:static;text-decoration:none;transition:none;vertical-align:0px;" id="MathJax-Span-5"><span class="mi" style="border-width:0px;box-sizing:content-box;display:inline;font-family:MathJax_Math-italic;line-height:normal;margin:0px;padding:0px;position:static;text-decoration:none;transition:none;vertical-align:0px;" id="MathJax-Span-6">e<span style="border-width:0px;box-sizing:content-box;display:inline-block;height:2.252em;line-height:normal;margin:0px;padding:0px;position:static;text-decoration:none;transition:none;vertical-align:0px;width:0px;"><span style="border-bottom-style:initial;border-color:initial;border-image:initial;border-left-style:solid;border-right-style:initial;border-top-style:initial;border-width:0px;box-sizing:content-box;display:inline-block;height:1.003em;line-height:normal;margin:0px;overflow:hidden;padding:0px;position:static;text-decoration:none;transition:none;vertical-align:-0.053em;width:0px;"><span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px;background-color:rgb(255, 255, 255);color:rgb(51, 51, 51);display:inline !important;float:none;font-family:"HelveticaNeue Regular", sans-serif;font-size:18px;font-style:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;orphans:2;text-align:start;text-decoration-color:initial;text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-thickness:initial;text-indent:0px;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;widows:2;word-spacing:0px;"> <span class="MathJax" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px;background-color:rgb(255, 255, 255);border-width:0px;box-sizing:border-box;color:rgb(51, 51, 51);direction:ltr;display:inline-table;float:none;font-family:"HelveticaNeue Regular", sans-serif;font-size-adjust:none;font-size:18px;font-style:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;line-height:normal;margin:0px;max-height:none;max-width:none;min-height:0px;min-width:0px;orphans:2;overflow-wrap:normal;padding:0px;text-align:left;text-decoration-color:initial;text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-thickness:initial;text-indent:0px;text-transform:none;white-space:nowrap;widows:2;word-spacing:0px;" id="MathJax-Element-1-Frame" tabindex="0"><nobr style="border-width:0px;box-sizing:border-box;line-height:normal;margin:0px;max-height:none;max-width:none;min-height:0px;min-width:0px;padding:0px;text-decoration:none;transition:none;vertical-align:0px;white-space:nowrap !important;"><span class="math" style="border-width:0px;box-sizing:content-box;display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin:0px;padding:0px;position:static;text-decoration:none;transition:none;vertical-align:0px;width:1.563em;" id="MathJax-Span-1"><span style="border-width:0px;box-sizing:content-box;display:inline-block;font-size:21.78px;height:0px;line-height:normal;margin:0px;padding:0px;position:relative;text-decoration:none;transition:none;vertical-align:0px;width:1.288em;"><span style="border-width:0px;box-sizing:content-box;clip:rect(1.38em, 1001.24em, 2.39em, -999.998em);display:inline;left:0em;line-height:normal;margin:0px;padding:0px;position:absolute;text-decoration:none;top:-2.247em;transition:none;vertical-align:0px;"><span class="mrow" style="border-width:0px;box-sizing:content-box;display:inline;line-height:normal;margin:0px;padding:0px;position:static;text-decoration:none;transition:none;vertical-align:0px;" id="MathJax-Span-2"><span class="mi" style="border-width:0px;box-sizing:content-box;display:inline;font-family:MathJax_Main;line-height:normal;margin:0px;padding:0px;position:static;text-decoration:none;transition:none;vertical-align:0px;" id="MathJax-Span-3">Δ<span class="texatom" style="border-width:0px;box-sizing:content-box;display:inline;line-height:normal;margin:0px;padding:0px;position:static;text-decoration:none;transition:none;vertical-align:0px;" id="MathJax-Span-4"><span class="mrow" style="border-width:0px;box-sizing:content-box;display:inline;line-height:normal;margin:0px;padding:0px;position:static;text-decoration:none;transition:none;vertical-align:0px;" id="MathJax-Span-5"><span class="mi" style="border-width:0px;box-sizing:content-box;display:inline;font-family:MathJax_Math-italic;line-height:normal;margin:0px;padding:0px;position:static;text-decoration:none;transition:none;vertical-align:0px;" id="MathJax-Span-6">e<span style="border-width:0px;box-sizing:content-box;display:inline-block;height:2.252em;line-height:normal;margin:0px;padding:0px;position:static;text-decoration:none;transition:none;vertical-align:0px;width:0px;"><span style="border-bottom-style:initial;border-color:initial;border-image:initial;border-left-style:solid;border-right-style:initial;border-top-style:initial;border-width:0px;box-sizing:content-box;display:inline-block;height:1.003em;line-height:normal;margin:0px;overflow:hidden;padding:0px;position:static;text-decoration:none;transition:none;vertical-align:-0.053em;width:0px;"><span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px;background-color:rgb(255, 255, 255);color:rgb(51, 51, 51);display:inline !important;float:none;font-family:"HelveticaNeue Regular", sans-serif;font-size:18px;font-style:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;orphans:2;text-align:start;text-decoration-color:initial;text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-thickness:initial;text-indent:0px;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;widows:2;word-spacing:0px;">), that is the sst normalized difference between the measured brightness temperature of the sea surface and the corresponding brightness temperature of a flat surface, is one way of accomplishing such a task. In this article, we investigate whether SMAP <span class="MathJax" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px;background-color:rgb(255, 255, 255);border-width:0px;box-sizing:border-box;color:rgb(51, 51, 51);direction:ltr;display:inline;float:none;font-family:"HelveticaNeue Regular", sans-serif;font-size-adjust:none;font-size:18px;font-style:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;line-height:normal;margin:0px;max-height:none;max-width:none;min-height:0px;min-width:0px;orphans:2;overflow-wrap:normal;padding:0px;text-align:left;text-decoration-color:initial;text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-thickness:initial;text-indent:0px;text-transform:none;white-space:nowrap;widows:2;word-spacing:0px;" id="MathJax-Element-2-Frame" tabindex="0"><nobr style="border-width:0px;box-sizing:border-box;line-height:normal;margin:0px;max-height:none;max-width:none;min-height:0px;min-width:0px;padding:0px;text-decoration:none;transition:none;vertical-align:0px;white-space:nowrap !important;"><span class="math" style="border-width:0px;box-sizing:content-box;display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin:0px;padding:0px;position:static;text-decoration:none;transition:none;vertical-align:0px;width:1.563em;" id="MathJax-Span-7"><span style="border-width:0px;box-sizing:content-box;display:inline-block;font-size:21.78px;height:0px;line-height:normal;margin:0px;padding:0px;position:relative;text-decoration:none;transition:none;vertical-align:0px;width:1.288em;"><span style="border-width:0px;box-sizing:content-box;clip:rect(1.38em, 1001.24em, 2.39em, -999.998em);display:inline;left:0em;line-height:normal;margin:0px;padding:0px;position:absolute;text-decoration:none;top:-2.247em;transition:none;vertical-align:0px;"><span class="mrow" style="border-width:0px;box-sizing:content-box;display:inline;line-height:normal;margin:0px;padding:0px;position:static;text-decoration:none;transition:none;vertical-align:0px;" id="MathJax-Span-8"><span class="mi" style="border-width:0px;box-sizing:content-box;display:inline;font-family:MathJax_Main;line-height:normal;margin:0px;padding:0px;position:static;text-decoration:none;transition:none;vertical-align:0px;" id="MathJax-Span-9">Δ<span class="texatom" style="border-width:0px;box-sizing:content-box;display:inline;line-height:normal;margin:0px;padding:0px;position:static;text-decoration:none;transition:none;vertical-align:0px;" id="MathJax-Span-10"><span class="mrow" style="border-width:0px;box-sizing:content-box;display:inline;line-height:normal;margin:0px;padding:0px;position:static;text-decoration:none;transition:none;vertical-align:0px;" id="MathJax-Span-11"><span class="mi" style="border-width:0px;box-sizing:content-box;display:inline;font-family:MathJax_Math-italic;line-height:normal;margin:0px;padding:0px;position:static;text-decoration:none;transition:none;vertical-align:0px;" id="MathJax-Span-12">e<span style="border-width:0px;box-sizing:content-box;display:inline-block;height:2.252em;line-height:normal;margin:0px;padding:0px;position:static;text-decoration:none;transition:none;vertical-align:0px;width:0px;"><span style="border-bottom-style:initial;border-color:initial;border-image:initial;border-left-style:solid;border-right-style:initial;border-top-style:initial;border-width:0px;box-sizing:content-box;display:inline-block;height:1.003em;line-height:normal;margin:0px;overflow:hidden;padding:0px;position:static;text-decoration:none;transition:none;vertical-align:-0.053em;width:0px;"><span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px;background-color:rgb(255, 255, 255);color:rgb(51, 51, 51);display:inline !important;float:none;font-family:"HelveticaNeue Regular", sans-serif;font-size:18px;font-style:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;orphans:2;text-align:start;text-decoration-color:initial;text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-thickness:initial;text-indent:0px;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;widows:2;word-spacing:0px;"> contains residual dependencies to sst and sss. To do so, v5.0 SMAP brightness temperature measurements, derived by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, are used. For any fixed numerical weather prediction model wind speed above 15 m/s, down to a 20% decrease in SMAP <span class="MathJax" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px;background-color:rgb(255, 255, 255);border-width:0px;box-sizing:border-box;color:rgb(51, 51, 51);direction:ltr;display:inline;float:none;font-family:"HelveticaNeue Regular", sans-serif;font-size-adjust:none;font-size:18px;font-style:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;line-height:normal;margin:0px;max-height:none;max-width:none;min-height:0px;min-width:0px;orphans:2;overflow-wrap:normal;padding:0px;text-align:left;text-decoration-color:initial;text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-thickness:initial;text-indent:0px;text-transform:none;white-space:nowrap;widows:2;word-spacing:0px;" id="MathJax-Element-3-Frame" tabindex="0"><nobr style="border-width:0px;box-sizing:border-box;line-height:normal;margin:0px;max-height:none;max-width:none;min-height:0px;min-width:0px;padding:0px;text-decoration:none;transition:none;vertical-align:0px;white-space:nowrap !important;"><span class="math" style="border-width:0px;box-sizing:content-box;display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin:0px;padding:0px;position:static;text-decoration:none;transition:none;vertical-align:0px;width:1.563em;" id="MathJax-Span-13"><span style="border-width:0px;box-sizing:content-box;display:inline-block;font-size:21.78px;height:0px;line-height:normal;margin:0px;padding:0px;position:relative;text-decoration:none;transition:none;vertical-align:0px;width:1.288em;"><span style="border-width:0px;box-sizing:content-box;clip:rect(1.38em, 1001.24em, 2.39em, -999.998em);display:inline;left:0em;line-height:normal;margin:0px;padding:0px;position:absolute;text-decoration:none;top:-2.247em;transition:none;vertical-align:0px;"><span class="mrow" style="border-width:0px;box-sizing:content-box;display:inline;line-height:normal;margin:0px;padding:0px;position:static;text-decoration:none;transition:none;vertical-align:0px;" id="MathJax-Span-14"><span class="mi" style="border-width:0px;box-sizing:content-box;display:inline;font-family:MathJax_Main;line-height:normal;margin:0px;padding:0px;position:static;text-decoration:none;transition:none;vertical-align:0px;" id="MathJax-Span-15">Δ<span class="texatom" style="border-width:0px;box-sizing:content-box;display:inline;line-height:normal;margin:0px;padding:0px;position:static;text-decoration:none;transition:none;vertical-align:0px;" id="MathJax-Span-16"><span class="mrow" style="border-width:0px;box-sizing:content-box;display:inline;line-height:normal;margin:0px;padding:0px;position:static;text-decoration:none;transition:none;vertical-align:0px;" id="MathJax-Span-17"><span class="mi" style="border-width:0px;box-sizing:content-box;display:inline;font-family:MathJax_Math-italic;line-height:normal;margin:0px;padding:0px;position:static;text-decoration:none;transition:none;vertical-align:0px;" id="MathJax-Span-18">e<span style="border-width:0px;box-sizing:content-box;display:inline-block;height:2.252em;line-height:normal;margin:0px;padding:0px;position:static;text-decoration:none;transition:none;vertical-align:0px;width:0px;"><span style="border-bottom-style:initial;border-color:initial;border-image:initial;border-left-style:solid;border-right-style:initial;border-top-style:initial;border-width:0px;box-sizing:content-box;display:inline-block;height:1.003em;line-height:normal;margin:0px;overflow:hidden;padding:0px;position:static;text-decoration:none;transition:none;vertical-align:-0.053em;width:0px;"><span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px;background-color:rgb(255, 255, 255);color:rgb(51, 51, 51);display:inline !important;float:none;font-family:"HelveticaNeue Regular", sans-serif;font-size:18px;font-style:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;orphans:2;text-align:start;text-decoration-color:initial;text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-thickness:initial;text-indent:0px;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;widows:2;word-spacing:0px;"> is observed as the sst increases from 274 to 304 K. For any fixed wind speed between 8 and 15 m/s, the sst residual dependence is weaker with SMAP <span class="MathJax" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px;background-color:rgb(255, 255, 255);border-width:0px;box-sizing:border-box;color:rgb(51, 51, 51);direction:ltr;display:inline;float:none;font-family:"HelveticaNeue Regular", sans-serif;font-size-adjust:none;font-size:18px;font-style:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;line-height:normal;margin:0px;max-height:none;max-width:none;min-height:0px;min-width:0px;orphans:2;overflow-wrap:normal;padding:0px;text-align:left;text-decoration-color:initial;text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-thickness:initial;text-indent:0px;text-transform:none;white-space:nowrap;widows:2;word-spacing:0px;" id="MathJax-Element-4-Frame" tabindex="0"><nobr style="border-width:0px;box-sizing:border-box;line-height:normal;margin:0px;max-height:none;max-width:none;min-height:0px;min-width:0px;padding:0px;text-decoration:none;transition:none;vertical-align:0px;white-space:nowrap !important;"><span class="math" style="border-width:0px;box-sizing:content-box;display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin:0px;padding:0px;position:static;text-decoration:none;transition:none;vertical-align:0px;width:1.563em;" id="MathJax-Span-19"><span style="border-width:0px;box-sizing:content-box;display:inline-block;font-size:21.78px;height:0px;line-height:normal;margin:0px;padding:0px;position:relative;text-decoration:none;transition:none;vertical-align:0px;width:1.288em;"><span style="border-width:0px;box-sizing:content-box;clip:rect(1.38em, 1001.24em, 2.39em, -999.998em);display:inline;left:0em;line-height:normal;margin:0px;padding:0px;position:absolute;text-decoration:none;top:-2.247em;transition:none;vertical-align:0px;"><span class="mrow" style="border-width:0px;box-sizing:content-box;display:inline;line-height:normal;margin:0px;padding:0px;position:static;text-decoration:none;transition:none;vertical-align:0px;" id="MathJax-Span-20"><span class="mi" style="border-width:0px;box-sizing:content-box;display:inline;font-family:MathJax_Main;line-height:normal;margin:0px;padding:0px;position:static;text-decoration:none;transition:none;vertical-align:0px;" id="MathJax-Span-21">Δ<span class="texatom" style="border-width:0px;box-sizing:content-box;display:inline;line-height:normal;margin:0px;padding:0px;position:static;text-decoration:none;transition:none;vertical-align:0px;" id="MathJax-Span-22"><span class="mrow" style="border-width:0px;box-sizing:content-box;display:inline;line-height:normal;margin:0px;padding:0px;position:static;text-decoration:none;transition:none;vertical-align:0px;" id="MathJax-Span-23"><span class="mi" style="border-width:0px;box-sizing:content-box;display:inline;font-family:MathJax_Math-italic;line-height:normal;margin:0px;padding:0px;position:static;text-decoration:none;transition:none;vertical-align:0px;" id="MathJax-Span-24">e<span style="border-width:0px;box-sizing:content-box;display:inline-block;height:2.252em;line-height:normal;margin:0px;padding:0px;position:static;text-decoration:none;transition:none;vertical-align:0px;width:0px;"><span style="border-bottom-style:initial;border-color:initial;border-image:initial;border-left-style:solid;border-right-style:initial;border-top-style:initial;border-width:0px;box-sizing:content-box;display:inline-block;height:1.003em;line-height:normal;margin:0px;overflow:hidden;padding:0px;position:static;text-decoration:none;transition:none;vertical-align:-0.053em;width:0px;"><span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px;background-color:rgb(255, 255, 255);color:rgb(51, 51, 51);display:inline !important;float:none;font-family:"HelveticaNeue Regular", sans-serif;font-size:18px;font-style:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;orphans:2;text-align:start;text-decoration-color:initial;text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-thickness:initial;text-indent:0px;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;widows:2;word-spacing:0px;"> exhibiting a 1%–2% decrease as the sst increases. Below 8 m/s, this pattern becomes prevalent again, when the significant wave height (Hs) is greater than 3.5 m. SMAP <span class="MathJax" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px;background-color:rgb(255, 255, 255);border-width:0px;box-sizing:border-box;color:rgb(51, 51, 51);direction:ltr;display:inline;float:none;font-family:"HelveticaNeue Regular", sans-serif;font-size-adjust:none;font-size:18px;font-style:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;line-height:normal;margin:0px;max-height:none;max-width:none;min-height:0px;min-width:0px;orphans:2;overflow-wrap:normal;padding:0px;text-align:left;text-decoration-color:initial;text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-thickness:initial;text-indent:0px;text-transform:none;white-space:nowrap;widows:2;word-spacing:0px;" id="MathJax-Element-5-Frame" tabindex="0"><nobr style="border-width:0px;box-sizing:border-box;line-height:normal;margin:0px;max-height:none;max-width:none;min-height:0px;min-width:0px;padding:0px;text-decoration:none;transition:none;vertical-align:0px;white-space:nowrap !important;"><span class="math" style="border-width:0px;box-sizing:content-box;display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin:0px;padding:0px;position:static;text-decoration:none;transition:none;vertical-align:0px;width:1.563em;" id="MathJax-Span-25"><span style="border-width:0px;box-sizing:content-box;display:inline-block;font-size:21.78px;height:0px;line-height:normal;margin:0px;padding:0px;position:relative;text-decoration:none;transition:none;vertical-align:0px;width:1.288em;"><span style="border-width:0px;box-sizing:content-box;clip:rect(1.38em, 1001.24em, 2.39em, -999.998em);display:inline;left:0em;line-height:normal;margin:0px;padding:0px;position:absolute;text-decoration:none;top:-2.247em;transition:none;vertical-align:0px;"><span class="mrow" style="border-width:0px;box-sizing:content-box;display:inline;line-height:normal;margin:0px;padding:0px;position:static;text-decoration:none;transition:none;vertical-align:0px;" id="MathJax-Span-26"><span class="mi" style="border-width:0px;box-sizing:content-box;display:inline;font-family:MathJax_Main;line-height:normal;margin:0px;padding:0px;position:static;text-decoration:none;transition:none;vertical-align:0px;" id="MathJax-Span-27">Δ<span class="texatom" style="border-width:0px;box-sizing:content-box;display:inline;line-height:normal;margin:0px;padding:0px;position:static;text-decoration:none;transition:none;vertical-align:0px;" id="MathJax-Span-28"><span class="mrow" style="border-width:0px;box-sizing:content-box;display:inline;line-height:normal;margin:0px;padding:0px;position:static;text-decoration:none;transition:none;vertical-align:0px;" id="MathJax-Span-29"><span class="mi" style="border-width:0px;box-sizing:content-box;display:inline;font-family:MathJax_Math-italic;line-height:normal;margin:0px;padding:0px;position:static;text-decoration:none;transition:none;vertical-align:0px;" id="MathJax-Span-30">e<span style="border-width:0px;box-sizing:content-box;display:inline-block;height:2.252em;line-height:normal;margin:0px;padding:0px;position:static;text-decoration:none;transition:none;vertical-align:0px;width:0px;"><span style="border-bottom-style:initial;border-color:initial;border-image:initial;border-left-style:solid;border-right-style:initial;border-top-style:initial;border-width:0px;box-sizing:content-box;display:inline-block;height:1.003em;line-height:normal;margin:0px;overflow:hidden;padding:0px;position:static;text-decoration:none;transition:none;vertical-align:-0.053em;width:0px;"><span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px;background-color:rgb(255, 255, 255);color:rgb(51, 51, 51);display:inline !important;float:none;font-family:"HelveticaNeue Regular", sans-serif;font-size:18px;font-style:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;orphans:2;text-align:start;text-decoration-color:initial;text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-thickness:initial;text-indent:0px;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;widows:2;word-spacing:0px;"> decreases as much as 50% with increasing sss, most notably below 8 and above 15 m/s when Hs is considered. This analysis has also shown that below 8 m/s and for swell dominant seas, a decrease in either sss or sst results in a decrease in SMAP <span class="MathJax" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px;background-color:rgb(255, 255, 255);border-width:0px;box-sizing:border-box;color:rgb(51, 51, 51);direction:ltr;display:inline;float:none;font-family:"HelveticaNeue Regular", sans-serif;font-size-adjust:none;font-size:18px;font-style:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;line-height:normal;margin:0px;max-height:none;max-width:none;min-height:0px;min-width:0px;orphans:2;overflow-wrap:normal;padding:0px;text-align:left;text-decoration-color:initial;text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-thickness:initial;text-indent:0px;text-transform:none;white-space:nowrap;widows:2;word-spacing:0px;" id="MathJax-Element-6-Frame" tabindex="0"><nobr style="border-width:0px;box-sizing:border-box;line-height:normal;margin:0px;max-height:none;max-width:none;min-height:0px;min-width:0px;padding:0px;text-decoration:none;transition:none;vertical-align:0px;white-space:nowrap !important;"><span class="math" style="border-width:0px;box-sizing:content-box;display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin:0px;padding:0px;position:static;text-decoration:none;transition:none;vertical-align:0px;width:1.563em;" id="MathJax-Span-31"><span style="border-width:0px;box-sizing:content-box;display:inline-block;font-size:21.78px;height:0px;line-height:normal;margin:0px;padding:0px;position:relative;text-decoration:none;transition:none;vertical-align:0px;width:1.288em;"><span style="border-width:0px;box-sizing:content-box;clip:rect(1.38em, 1001.24em, 2.39em, -999.998em);display:inline;left:0em;line-height:normal;margin:0px;padding:0px;position:absolute;text-decoration:none;top:-2.247em;transition:none;vertical-align:0px;"><span class="mrow" style="border-width:0px;box-sizing:content-box;display:inline;line-height:normal;margin:0px;padding:0px;position:static;text-decoration:none;transition:none;vertical-align:0px;" id="MathJax-Span-32"><span class="mi" style="border-width:0px;box-sizing:content-box;display:inline;font-family:MathJax_Main;line-height:normal;margin:0px;padding:0px;position:static;text-decoration:none;transition:none;vertical-align:0px;" id="MathJax-Span-33">Δ<span class="texatom" style="border-width:0px;box-sizing:content-box;display:inline;line-height:normal;margin:0px;padding:0px;position:static;text-decoration:none;transition:none;vertical-align:0px;" id="MathJax-Span-34"><span class="mrow" style="border-width:0px;box-sizing:content-box;display:inline;line-height:normal;margin:0px;padding:0px;position:static;text-decoration:none;transition:none;vertical-align:0px;" id="MathJax-Span-35"><span class="mi" style="border-width:0px;box-sizing:content-box;display:inline;font-family:MathJax_Math-italic;line-height:normal;margin:0px;padding:0px;position:static;text-decoration:none;transition:none;vertical-align:0px;" id="MathJax-Span-36">e<span style="border-width:0px;box-sizing:content-box;display:inline-block;height:2.252em;line-height:normal;margin:0px;padding:0px;position:static;text-decoration:none;transition:none;vertical-align:0px;width:0px;"><span style="border-bottom-style:initial;border-color:initial;border-image:initial;border-left-style:solid;border-right-style:initial;border-top-style:initial;border-width:0px;box-sizing:content-box;display:inline-block;height:1.003em;line-height:normal;margin:0px;overflow:hidden;padding:0px;position:static;text-decoration:none;transition:none;vertical-align:-0.053em;width:0px;"><span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width:0px;background-color:rgb(255, 255, 255);color:rgb(51, 51, 51);display:inline !important;float:none;font-family:"HelveticaNeue Regular", sans-serif;font-size:18px;font-style:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-variant-ligatures:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;orphans:2;text-align:start;text-decoration-color:initial;text-decoration-style:initial;text-decoration-thickness:initial;text-indent:0px;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;widows:2;word-spacing:0px;"> sensitivity to wind-induced sea surface roughness.

Resource type

document

Resource locator

Unique resource identifier

code

https://n2t.net/ark:/85065/d7988cbr

codeSpace

Dataset language

eng

Spatial reference system

code identifying the spatial reference system

Classification of spatial data and services

Topic category

geoscientificInformation

Keywords

Keyword set

keyword value

Text

originating controlled vocabulary

title

Resource Type

reference date

date type

publication

effective date

2016-01-01T00:00:00Z

Geographic location

West bounding longitude

East bounding longitude

North bounding latitude

South bounding latitude

Temporal reference

Temporal extent

Begin position

End position

Dataset reference date

date type

publication

effective date

2024-08-01T00:00:00Z

Frequency of update

Quality and validity

Lineage

Conformity

Data format

name of format

version of format

Constraints related to access and use

Constraint set

Use constraints

Copyright author(s). This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

Limitations on public access

None

Responsible organisations

Responsible party

contact position

OpenSky Support

organisation name

UCAR/NCAR - Library

full postal address

PO Box 3000

Boulder

80307-3000

email address

opensky@ucar.edu

web address

http://opensky.ucar.edu/

name: homepage

responsible party role

pointOfContact

Metadata on metadata

Metadata point of contact