edu.ucar.opensky::articles:43937 UCAR/NCAR - Library OpenSky Support PO Box 3000 Boulder CO 80307-3000 opensky@ucar.edu http://opensky.ucar.edu/ homepage pointOfContact 2025-12-24T17:44:36.288965 ISO 19115-2 Geographic Information - Metadata - Part 2: Extensions for Imagery and Gridded Data ISO 19115-2:2009(E) https://n2t.net/ark:/85065/d7k36032 https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.928646 https Related Dataset #1 HolVol: Reconstructed volcanic stratospheric sulfur injections and aerosol optical depth for the Holocene (9500 BCE to 1900 CE) https://doi.org/10.24381/cds.bd0915c6 https Related Dataset #2 ERA5 hourly data on pressure levels from 1940 to present https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13619444 https Related Dataset #3 Characterization of the mean and extreme Mediterranean cyclones and their variability during the period 1500 BCE to 1850 CE Characterization of the mean and extreme Mediterranean cyclones and their variability during the period 1500 BCE to 1850 CE 2025-07-21T00:00:00Z publication https://n2t.net/ark:/85065/d7k36032 https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-21-1305-2025 Doensen, O. author Messmer, M. author Kim, Woon Mi author Raible, C. C. author UCAR/NCAR - Library publisher Extratropical cyclones are important meteorological phenomena in the Mediterranean and are essential for local water supplies, yet they also pose significant hazards for the region as a result of extreme precipitation or wind events. Although they have been extensively studied using global and regional climate models, their spatial and temporal variability in the Late Holocene is poorly understood. Here, we study a 3350-year climatological simulation that allows us to characterize Mediterranean cyclones better and provides a baseline for more accurately assessing the long-term effects of future climate change on Mediterranean cyclones. To analyse Mediterranean cyclone characteristics, we use a seamless transient simulation from 1500 BCE to 1850 CE produced by the Community Earth System Model (CESM) with a 6-hourly temporal and 1.9°×2.5° horizontal resolutions. We found that Mediterranean cyclones exhibit pronounced multi-decadal variability in the order of 5 % throughout the entire Late Holocene with respect to several cyclone-related properties. For the cyclone frequency, a weak statistical relationship is identified with the East Atlantic (EA), East Atlantic/Western Russia (EAWR), and Scandinavian (SCAN) modes of circulation. Composite analyses of the most extreme cyclones with respect to wind speed and precipitation indicate that cyclones in the central Mediterranean have the potential to grow more intense over their entire lifetime than cyclones in the eastern Mediterranean. This is especially true for extreme wind speed cyclones, implying that people in the central Mediterranean are potentially more exposed to hazards caused by extreme cyclones. UCAR/NCAR - Library OpenSky Support PO Box 3000 Boulder CO 80307-3000 opensky@ucar.edu http://opensky.ucar.edu/ homepage pointOfContact PDF Text theme Resource Type 2016-01-01T00:00:00Z publication <span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:10pt;font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;" data-sheets-root="1">Copyright author(s). This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</span> None eng geoscientificInformation