Identification

Title

Dependencies of four mechanisms of secondary ice production on cloud-top temperature in a continental convective storm

Abstract

Various mechanisms of secondary ice production (SIP) cause multiplication of numbers of ice particle, after the onset of primary ice. A measure of SIP is the ice enhancement ratio ("IE ratio") defined here as the ratio between number concentrations of total ice (excluding homogeneously nucleated ice) and active ice-nucleating particles (INPs). A convective line observed on 11 May 2011 over the Southern Great Plains in the Mesoscale Continental Convective Cloud Experiment (MC3E) campaign was simulated with the "Aerosol-Cloud" (AC) model. AC is validated against coincident MC3E observations by aircraft, ground-based instruments, and satellite. Four SIP mechanisms are represented in AC: the Hallett-Mossop (HM) process of rime splintering, and fragmentation during ice-ice collisions, raindrop freezing, and sublimation. The vertical profile of the IE ratio, averaged over the entire simulation, is almost uniform (10(2) to 10(3)) because fragmentation in ice-ice collisions dominates at long time scales, driving the ice concentration toward a theoretical maximum. The IE ratio increases with both the updraft (HM process, fragmentation during raindrop freezing, and ice-ice collisions) and downdraft speed (fragmentation during ice-ice collisions and sublimation). As reported historically in aircraft sampling, IE ratios were predicted to peak near 10(3) for cloud-top temperatures close to the -12 degrees C level, mostly due to the HM process in typically young clouds with their age less than 15 min. At higher altitudes with temperatures of -20 degrees to -30 degrees C, the predicted IE ratios were smaller, ranging from 10 to 10(2), and mainly resulted from fragmentation in ice-ice collisions.

Resource type

document

Resource locator

Unique resource identifier

code

https://n2t.org/ark:/85065/d7tx3k8n

codeSpace

Dataset language

eng

Spatial reference system

code identifying the spatial reference system

Classification of spatial data and services

Topic category

geoscientificInformation

Keywords

Keyword set

keyword value

Text

originating controlled vocabulary

title

Resource Type

reference date

date type

publication

effective date

2016-01-01T00:00:00Z

Geographic location

West bounding longitude

East bounding longitude

North bounding latitude

South bounding latitude

Temporal reference

Temporal extent

Begin position

End position

Dataset reference date

date type

publication

effective date

2022-12-01T00:00:00Z

Frequency of update

Quality and validity

Lineage

Conformity

Data format

name of format

version of format

Constraints related to access and use

Constraint set

Use constraints

Limitations on public access

None

Responsible organisations

Responsible party

contact position

OpenSky Support

organisation name

UCAR/NCAR - Library

full postal address

PO Box 3000

Boulder

80307-3000

email address

opensky@ucar.edu

web address

http://opensky.ucar.edu/

name: homepage

responsible party role

pointOfContact

Metadata on metadata

Metadata point of contact