edu.ucar.opensky::articles:26101 UCAR/NCAR - Library OpenSky Support PO Box 3000 Boulder CO 80307-3000 opensky@ucar.edu http://opensky.ucar.edu/ homepage pointOfContact 2025-12-24T19:59:19.020559 ISO 19115-2 Geographic Information - Metadata - Part 2: Extensions for Imagery and Gridded Data ISO 19115-2:2009(E) https://n2t.org/ark:/85065/d7668j2m https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.769615 https Related Dataset #1 ETOPO1 Global Relief Model converted to PanMap layer format https://doi.org/10.17595/20180208.001 https Related Dataset #2 Atmospheric CO2 mole fraction data of CONTRAIL-CME https://doi.org/10.17595/20201127.001 https Related Dataset #3 Long-term global CO2 fluxes estimated by NICAM-based Inverse Simulation for Monitoring CO2 (NISMON-CO2) https://doi.org/10.18160/GCP-2022 https Related Dataset #4 Supplemental data of Global Carbon Project 2022 https://doi.org/10.22033/ESGF/input4MIPs.1127 https Related Dataset #5 Harmonization of global land use scenarios (LUH2): Historical v2.1h 850 - 2015 https://doi.org/10.25925/20210801 https Related Dataset #6 Multi-laboratory compilation of atmospheric carbon dioxide data for the period 1957-2020; obspack_co2_1_GLOBALVIEWplus_v7.0_2021-08-18 https://doi.org/10.25925/20220624 https Related Dataset #7 Multi-laboratory compilation of atmospheric carbon dioxide data for the year 2022; obspack_co2_1_NRT_v7.2_2022-06-28 https://doi.org/10.3334/CDIAC/HIPPO_010 https Related Dataset #8 HIPPO Merged 10-Second Meteorology, Atmospheric Chemistry, and Aerosol Data. Version 1.0 https://doi.org/10.3334/ORNLDAAC/1404 https Related Dataset #9 CARVE: L2 Atmospheric Gas Concentrations, Airborne Flasks, Alaska, 2012-2015 https://doi.org/10.5065/D6SB445X https Related Dataset #10 ORCAS Merge Products. Version 1.0 https://doi.org/10.5281/ZENODO.5569235 https Related Dataset #11 The Global Carbon Project's fossil CO2 emissions dataset https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4277266 https Related Dataset #12 Gridded fossil CO2 emissions and related O2 combustion consistent with national inventories https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4741285 https Related Dataset #13 CEDS v_2021_04_21 Release Emission Data https://doi.org/10.25607/OBP-1342 https Related Report #1 Guide to best practices for ocean CO2 measurement. Global Carbon Budget 2022 2022-11-11T00:00:00Z publication https://n2t.org/ark:/85065/d7668j2m https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-4811-2022 Friedlingstein, P. author O'Sullivan, M. author Jones, M. W. author Andrew, R. M. author Gregor, L. author Hauck, J. author Le Quéré, C. author Luijkx, I. T. author Olsen, A. author Peters, G. P. author Peters, W. author Pongratz, J. author Schwingshackl, C. author Sitch, S. author Canadell, J. G. author Ciais, P. author Jackson, R. B. author Alin, S. R. author Alkama, R. author Arneth, A. author Arora, V. K. author Bates, N. R. author Becker, M. author Bellouin, N. author Bittig, H. C. author Bopp, L. author Chevallier, F. author Chini, L. P. author Cronin, M. author Evans, W. author Falk, S. author Feely, R. A. author Gasser, T. author Gehlen, M. author Gkritzalis, T. author Gloege, L. author Grassi, G. author Gruber, N. author Gürses, Ö. author Harris, I. author Hefner, M. author Houghton, R. A. author Hurtt, G. C. author Iida, Y. author Ilyina, T. author Jain, A. K. author Jersild, A. author Kadono, K. author Kato, E. author Kennedy, Daniel author Klein Goldewijk, K. author Knauer, J. author Korsbakken, J. I. author Landschützer, P. author Lefèvre, N. author Lindsay, Keith author Liu, J. author Liu, Z. author Marland, G. author Mayot, N. author McGrath, M. J. author Metzl, N. author Monacci, N. M. author Munro, D. R. author Nakaoka, S. author Niwa, Y. author O'Brien, K. author Ono, T. author Palmer, P. I. author Pan, N. author Pierrot, D. author Pocock, K. author Poulter, B. author Resplandy, L. author Robertson, E. author Rödenbeck, C. author Rodriguez, C. author Rosan, T. M. author Schwinger, J. author Séférian, R. author Shutler, J. D. author Skjelvan, I. author Steinhoff, T. author Sun, Q. author Sutton, A. J. author Sweeney, C. author Takao, S. author Tanhua, T. author Tans, P. P. author Tian, X. author Tian, H. author Tilbrook, B. author Tsujino, H. author Tubiello, F. author van der Werf, G. R. author Walker, A. P. author Wanninkhof, R. author Whitehead, C. author Willstrand Wranne, A. author Wright, R. author Yuan, W. author Yue, C. author Yue, X. author Zaehle, S. author Zeng, J. author Zheng, B. author UCAR/NCAR - Library publisher Accurate assessment of anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions and their redistribution among the atmosphere, ocean, and terrestrial biosphere in a changing climate is critical to better understand the global carbon cycle, support the development of climate policies, and project future climate change. Here we describe and synthesize data sets and methodologies to quantify the five major components of the global carbon budget and their uncertainties. Fossil CO2 emissions (E-FOS) are based on energy statistics and cement production data, while emissions from land-use change (E-LUC), mainly deforestation, are based on land use and land-use change data and bookkeeping models. Atmospheric CO2 concentration is measured directly, and its growth rate (G(ATM)) is computed from the annual changes in concentration. The ocean CO2 sink (S-OCEAN) is estimated with global ocean biogeochemistry models and observation-based data products. The terrestrial CO2 sink (S-LAND) is estimated with dynamic global vegetation models. The resulting carbon budget imbalance (B-IM), the difference between the estimated total emissions and the estimated changes in the atmosphere, ocean, and terrestrial biosphere, is a measure of imperfect data and understanding of the contemporary carbon cycle. All uncertainties are reported as +/- 1 sigma. For the year 2021, EFOS increased by 5.1% relative to 2020, with fossil emissions at 10.1 +/- 0.5 GtC yr(-1) (9.9 +/- 0.5 GtC yr(-1) when the cement carbonation sink is included), and ELUC was 1.1 +/- 0.7 GtC yr(-1),for a total anthropogenic CO2 emission (including the cement carbonation sink) of 10.9 +/- 0.8 GtC yr 1 (40.0 +/- 2.9 GtCO(2)). Also, for 2021, G(ATM) was 5.2 +/- 0.2 GtC yr(-1) (2.5 +/- 0.1 ppm yr(-1)), S-OCEAN was 2.9 +/- 0.4 GtC yr(-1), and SLAND was 3.5 +/- 0.9 GtC yr(-1), with a B-IM of 0.6 GtC yr(-1) (i.e. the total estimated sources were too low or sinks were too high). The global atmospheric CO2 concentration averaged over 2021 reached 414.71 +/- 0.1 ppm. Preliminary data for 2022 suggest an increase in E-FOS relative to 2021 of +1.0% (0.1% to 1.9 %) globally and atmospheric CO2 concentration reaching 417.2 ppm, more than 50% above pre-industrial levels (around 278 ppm). Overall, the mean and trend in the components of the global carbon budget are consistently estimated over the period 1959-2021, but discrepancies of up to 1 GtC yr(-1) persist for the representation of annual to semi-decadal variability in CO2 fluxes. Comparison of estimates from multiple approaches and observations shows (1) a persistent large uncertainty in the estimate of land-use change emissions, (2) a low agreement between the different methods on the magnitude of the land CO2 flux in the northern extratropics, and (3) a discrepancy between the different methods on the strength of the ocean sink over the last decade. This living data update documents changes in the methods and data sets used in this new global carbon budget and the progress in understanding of the global carbon cycle compared with previous publications of this data set. The data presented in this work are available at https://doi.org/10.18160/GCP-2022 (Friedlingstein et al., 2022b). UCAR/NCAR - Library OpenSky Support PO Box 3000 Boulder CO 80307-3000 opensky@ucar.edu http://opensky.ucar.edu/ homepage pointOfContact PDF Text theme Resource Type 2016-01-01T00:00:00Z publication Copyright author(s). 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