edu.ucar.opensky::articles:25347 UCAR/NCAR - Library OpenSky Support PO Box 3000 Boulder CO 80307-3000 opensky@ucar.edu http://opensky.ucar.edu/ homepage pointOfContact 2025-12-24T22:46:06.647742 ISO 19115-2 Geographic Information - Metadata - Part 2: Extensions for Imagery and Gridded Data ISO 19115-2:2009(E) https://n2t.org/ark:/85065/d7sj1q9w https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.769615 https Related Dataset #1 ETOPO1 Global Relief Model converted to PanMap layer format https://doi.org/10.17595/20180208.001 https Related Dataset #2 Atmospheric CO2 mole fraction data of CONTRAIL-CME https://doi.org/10.17595/20201127.001 https Related Dataset #3 Long-term global CO2 fluxes estimated by NICAM-based Inverse Simulation for Monitoring CO2 (NISMON-CO2) https://doi.org/10.18160/gcp-2021 https Related Dataset #4 Supplemental data of Global Carbon Project 2021 https://doi.org/10.22033/ESGF/input4MIPs.1127 https Related Dataset #5 Harmonization of global land use scenarios (LUH2): Historical v2.1h 850 - 2015 https://doi.org/10.25921/YG69-JD96 https Related Dataset #6 Surface Ocean CO2 Atlas Database Version 2021 (SOCATv2021) (NCEI Accession 0235360) https://doi.org/10.25925/20201204 https Related Dataset #7 Multi-laboratory compilation of atmospheric carbon dioxide data for the period 1957-2019; obspack_co2_1_GLOBALVIEWplus_v6.1_2021-03-01 https://doi.org/10.25925/20210517 https Related Dataset #8 Multi-laboratory compilation of atmospheric carbon dioxide data for the years 2020-2021; obspack_co2_1_NRT_v6.1.1_2021-05-17 https://doi.org/10.3334/CDIAC/HIPPO_010 https Related Dataset #9 HIPPO Merged 10-Second Meteorology, Atmospheric Chemistry, and Aerosol Data. Version 1.0 https://doi.org/10.5281/ZENODO.5569235 https Related Dataset #10 The Global Carbon Project's fossil CO2 emissions dataset https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4741285 https Related Dataset #11 CEDS v_2021_04_21 Release Emission Data https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5494497 https Related Dataset #12 The PRIMAP-hist national historical emissions time series (1750-2019) v2.3.1 https://doi.org/10.25607/OBP-1342 https Related Report #1 Guide to best practices for ocean CO2 measurement. Global carbon budget 2021 2022-04-26T00:00:00Z publication https://n2t.org/ark:/85065/d7sj1q9w https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-1917-2022 Friedlingstein, P. author Jones, M. W. author O'Sullivan, M. author Andrew, R. M. author Bakker, D. C. E. author Hauck, J. author Le Quéré, C. author Peters, G. P. author Peters, W. author Pongratz, J. author Sitch, S. author Canadell, J. G. author Ciais, P. author Jackson, R. B. author Alin, S. R. author Anthoni, P. author Bates, N. R. author Becker, M. author Bellouin, N. author Bopp, L. author Chau, T. T. T. author Chevallier, F. author Chini, L. P. author Cronin, M. author Currie, K. I. author Decharme, B. author Djeutchouang, L. M. author Dou, X. author Evans, W. author Feely, R. A. author Feng, L. author Gasser, T. author Gilfillan, D. author Gkritzalis, T. author Grassi, G. author Gregor, L. author Gruber, N. author Gürses, Ö. author Harris, I. author Houghton, R. A. author Hurtt, G. C. author Iida, Y. author Ilyina, T. author Luijkx, I. T. author Jain, A. author Jones, S. D. author Kato, E. author Kennedy, Daniel author Klein Goldewijk, K. author Knauer, J. author Korsbakken, J. I. author Körtzinger, A. author Landschützer, P. author Lauvset, S. K. author Lefèvre, N. author Lienert, S. author Liu, J. author Marland, G. author McGuire, P. C. author Melton, J. R. author Munro, D. R. author Nabel, J. E. M. S. author Nakaoka, S. author Niwa, Y. author Ono, T. author Pierrot, D. author Poulter, B. author Rehder, G. author Resplandy, L. author Robertson, E. author Rödenbeck, C. author Rosan, T. M. author Schwinger, J. author Schwingshackl, C. author Séférian, R. author Sutton, A. J. author Sweeney, C. author Tanhua, T. author Tans, P. P. author Tian, H. author Tilbrook, B. author Tubiello, F. author van der Werf, G. R. author Vuichard, N. author Wada, C. author Wanninkhof, R. author Watson, A. J. author Willis, D. author Wiltshire, A. J. author Yuan, W. author Yue, C. author Yue, X. author Zaehle, S. author Zeng, J. author UCAR/NCAR - Library publisher Accurate assessment of anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions and their redistribution among the atmosphere, ocean, and terrestrial biosphere in a changing climate is critical to better understand the global carbon cycle, support the development of climate policies, and project future climate change. Here we describe and synthesize datasets and methodology to quantify the five major components of the global carbon budget and their uncertainties. Fossil CO2 emissions (E-FOS) are based on energy statistics and cement production data, while emissions from land-use change (E-LUC), mainly deforestation, are based on land use and land-use change data and bookkeeping models. Atmospheric CO2 concentration is measured directly, and its growth rate (G(ATM)) is computed from the annual changes in concentration. The ocean CO2 sink (S-OCEAN) is estimated with global ocean biogeochemistry models and observation-based data products. The terrestrial CO2 sink (S-LAND) is estimated with dynamic global vegetation models. The resulting carbon budget imbalance (B-IM), the difference between the estimated total emissions and the estimated changes in the atmosphere, ocean, and terrestrial biosphere, is a measure of imperfect data and understanding of the contemporary carbon cycle. All uncertainties are reported as +/- 1 sigma. For the first time, an approach is shown to reconcile the difference in our E-LUC estimate with the one from national greenhouse gas inventories, supporting the assessment of collective countries' climate progress. For the year 2020, EFOS declined by 5.4 % relative to 2019, with fossil emissions at 9.5 ± 0.5 GtC yr−1 (9.3 ± 0.5 GtC yr−1 when the cement carbonation sink is included), and ELUC was 0.9 ± 0.7 GtC yr−1, for a total anthropogenic CO2 emission of 10.2 ± 0.8 GtC yr−1 (37.4 ± 2.9 GtCO2). Also, for 2020, GATM was 5.0 ± 0.2 GtC yr−1 (2.4 ± 0.1 ppm yr−1), SOCEAN was 3.0 ± 0.4 GtC yr−1, and SLAND was 2.9 ± 1 GtC yr−1, with a BIM of −0.8 GtC yr−1. The global atmospheric CO2 concentration averaged over 2020 reached 412.45 ± 0.1 ppm. Preliminary data for 2021 suggest a rebound in EFOS relative to 2020 of +4.8 % (4.2 % to 5.4 %) globally. Overall, the mean and trend in the components of the global carbon budget are consistently estimated over the period 1959–2020, but discrepancies of up to 1 GtC yr−1 persist for the representation of annual to semi-decadal variability in CO2 fluxes. Comparison of estimates from multiple approaches and observations shows (1) a persistent large uncertainty in the estimate of land-use changes emissions, (2) a low agreement between the different methods on the magnitude of the land CO2 flux in the northern extra-tropics, and (3) a discrepancy between the different methods on the strength of the ocean sink over the last decade. This living data update documents changes in the methods and datasets used in this new global carbon budget and the progress in understanding of the global carbon cycle compared with previous publications of this dataset (Friedlingstein et al., 2020, 2019; Le Quéré et al., 2018b, a, 2016, 2015b, a, 2014, 2013). The data presented in this work are available at https://doi.org/10.18160/gcp-2021 (Friedlingstein et al., 2021). UCAR/NCAR - Library OpenSky Support PO Box 3000 Boulder CO 80307-3000 opensky@ucar.edu http://opensky.ucar.edu/ homepage pointOfContact PDF Text theme Resource Type 2016-01-01T00:00:00Z publication Copyright author(s). This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. None eng geoscientificInformation