edu.ucar.opensky::articles:21059 UCAR/NCAR - Library OpenSky Support PO Box 3000 Boulder CO 80307-3000 opensky@ucar.edu http://opensky.ucar.edu/ homepage pointOfContact 2025-12-26T02:24:17.113190 ISO 19115-2 Geographic Information - Metadata - Part 2: Extensions for Imagery and Gridded Data ISO 19115-2:2009(E) https://n2t.org/ark:/85065/d7k93b2p https://doi.org/10.5067/U8C09DWVX9LM https Related Dataset #1 Near-Real-Time DMSP SSM/I-SSMIS Daily Polar Gridded Sea Ice Concentrations, Version 1 https://doi.org/10.7265/N5736NV7 https Related Dataset #2 Sea Ice Index, Version 2 https://doi.org/10.5067/8GQ8LZQVL0VL https Related Dataset #3 Sea Ice Concentrations from Nimbus-7 SMMR and DMSP SSM/I-SSMIS Passive Microwave Data, Version 1 Conditions leading to the unprecedented low Antarctic sea ice extent during the 2016 austral spring season 2017-09-09T00:00:00Z publication https://n2t.org/ark:/85065/d7k93b2p https://doi.org/10.1002/2017GL074691 Stuecker, Malte author Bitz, C. M. author Armour, K. C. author UCAR/NCAR - Library publisher The 2016 austral spring was characterized by the lowest Southern Hemisphere (SH) sea ice extent seen in the satellite record (1979 to present) and coincided with anomalously warm surface waters surrounding most of Antarctica. We show that two distinct processes contributed to this event: First, the extreme El Nino event peaking in December-February 2015/2016 contributed to pronounced extratropical SH sea surface temperature and sea ice extent anomalies in the eastern Ross, Amundsen, and Bellingshausen Seas that persisted in part until the following 2016 austral spring. Second, internal unforced atmospheric variability of the Southern Annular Mode promoted the exceptional low sea ice extent in November-December 2016. These results suggest that a combination of tropically forced and internal SH atmospheric variability contributed to the unprecedented sea ice decline during the 2016 austral spring, on top of a background of slow changes expected from greenhouse gas and ozone forcing. UCAR/NCAR - Library OpenSky Support PO Box 3000 Boulder CO 80307-3000 opensky@ucar.edu http://opensky.ucar.edu/ homepage pointOfContact PDF Text theme Resource Type 2016-01-01T00:00:00Z publication Copyright 2017 American Geophysical Union. None eng geoscientificInformation