edu.ucar.opensky::articles:22949 UCAR/NCAR - Library OpenSky Support PO Box 3000 Boulder CO 80307-3000 opensky@ucar.edu http://opensky.ucar.edu/ homepage pointOfContact 2025-12-25T15:22:31.676212 ISO 19115-2 Geographic Information - Metadata - Part 2: Extensions for Imagery and Gridded Data ISO 19115-2:2009(E) https://n2t.org/ark:/85065/d7t43x7d Tropical cyclone sensitivities to CO2 doubling: Roles of atmospheric resolution, synoptic variability and background climate changes 2019-11-13T00:00:00Z publication https://n2t.org/ark:/85065/d7t43x7d https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-019-04913-y Vecchi, G. A. author Delworth, T. L. author Murakami, Hiroyuki author Underwood, S. D. author Wittenberg, A. T. author Zeng, F. author Zhang, W. author Baldwin, J. W. author Bhatia, K. T. author Cooke, William F. author He, J. author Kapnick, S. B. author Knutson, T. R. author Villarini, G. author van der Wiel, K. author Anderson, W. author Balaji, V. author Chen, J. author Dixon, K. W. author Gudgel, R. author Harris, L. M. author Jia, L. author Johnson, N. C. author LIN, S. author Liu, M. author Ng, C. H. J. author Rosati, Anthony author Smith, J. A. author Yang, Xiaosong author UCAR/NCAR - Library publisher Responses of tropical cyclones (TCs) to CO2 doubling are explored using coupled global climate models (GCMs) with increasingly refined atmospheric/land horizontal grids (~ 200 km, ~ 50 km, and ~ 25 km). The three models exhibit similar changes in background climate fields thought to regulate TC activity, such as relative sea surface temperature (SST), potential intensity, and wind shear. However, global TC frequency decreases substantially in the 50 km model, while the 25 km model shows no significant change. The ~ 25 km model also has a substantial and spatially-ubiquitous increase of Category 3–4–5 hurricanes. Idealized perturbation experiments are performed to understand the TC response. Each model's transient fully-coupled 2 × CO2 TC activity response is largely recovered by "time-slice" experiments using time-invariant SST perturbations added to each model's own SST climatology. The TC response to SST forcing depends on each model's background climatological SST biases: removing these biases leads to a global TC intensity increase in the ~ 50 km model, and a global TC frequency increase in the ~ 25 km model, in response to CO2-induced warming patterns and CO2 doubling. Isolated CO2 doubling leads to a significant TC frequency decrease, while isolated uniform SST warming leads to a significant global TC frequency increase; the ~ 25 km model has a greater tendency for frequency increase. Global TC frequency responds to both (1) changes in TC "seeds", which increase due to warming (more so in the ~ 25 km model) and decrease due to higher CO2 concentrations, and (2) less efficient development of these"seeds" into TCs, largely due to the nonlinear relation between temperature and saturation specific humidity. UCAR/NCAR - Library OpenSky Support PO Box 3000 Boulder CO 80307-3000 opensky@ucar.edu http://opensky.ucar.edu/ homepage pointOfContact PDF Text theme Resource Type 2016-01-01T00:00:00Z publication Copyright 2019 Author(s). This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license. None eng geoscientificInformation