edu.ucar.opensky::articles:42423 UCAR/NCAR - Library OpenSky Support PO Box 3000 Boulder CO 80307-3000 opensky@ucar.edu http://opensky.ucar.edu/ homepage pointOfContact 2025-12-24T18:06:42.896634 ISO 19115-2 Geographic Information - Metadata - Part 2: Extensions for Imagery and Gridded Data ISO 19115-2:2009(E) https://n2t.net/ark:/85065/d7pk0mhc Modeling and observations of North Atlantic cyclones: Implications for U.S. Offshore wind energy 2024-09-01T00:00:00Z publication https://n2t.net/ark:/85065/d7pk0mhc https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0214806 Wang, J. author Hendricks, Eric A. author Rozoff, Christopher M. author Churchfield, M. author Zhu, L. author Feng, S. author Pringle, W. J. author Biswas, Mrinal author Haupt, Sue Ellen author G. Deskos author Jung, C. author P. Xue author Berg, L. K. author Bryan, George H. author Kosović, Branko author Kotamarthi, R. author UCAR/NCAR - Library publisher To meet the Biden-Harris administration's goal of deploying 30 GW of offshore wind power by 2030 and 110&#8201;GW by 2050, expansion of wind energy into U.S. territorial waters prone to tropical cyclones (TCs) and extratropical cyclones (ETCs) is essential. This requires a deeper understanding of cyclone-related risks and the development of robust, resilient offshore wind energy systems. This paper provides a comprehensive review of state-of-the-science measurement and modeling capabilities for studying TCs and ETCs, and their impacts across various spatial and temporal scales. We explore measurement capabilities for environments influenced by TCs and ETCs, including near-surface and vertical profiles of critical variables that characterize these cyclones. The capabilities and limitations of Earth system and mesoscale models are assessed for their effectiveness in capturing atmosphere&#8211;ocean&#8211;wave interactions that influence TC/ETC-induced risks under a changing climate. Additionally, we discuss microscale modeling capabilities designed to bridge scale gaps from the weather scale (a few kilometers) to the turbine scale (dozens to a few meters). We also review machine learning (ML)-based, data-driven models for simulating TC/ETC events at both weather and wind turbine scales. Special attention is given to extreme metocean conditions like extreme wind gusts, rapid wind direction changes, and high waves, which pose threats to offshore wind energy infrastructure. Finally, the paper outlines the research challenges and future directions needed to enhance the resilience and design of next-generation offshore wind turbines against extreme weather conditions. UCAR/NCAR - Library OpenSky Support PO Box 3000 Boulder CO 80307-3000 opensky@ucar.edu http://opensky.ucar.edu/ homepage pointOfContact PDF Text theme Resource Type 2016-01-01T00:00:00Z publication Copyright 2025 AIP Publishing LLC<br>&nbsp; None eng geoscientificInformation