edu.ucar.opensky::articles:21521 UCAR/NCAR - Library OpenSky Support PO Box 3000 Boulder CO 80307-3000 opensky@ucar.edu http://opensky.ucar.edu/ homepage pointOfContact 2025-12-25T16:04:57.410997 ISO 19115-2 Geographic Information - Metadata - Part 2: Extensions for Imagery and Gridded Data ISO 19115-2:2009(E) https://n2t.org/ark:/85065/d7qc066m Toward improving ice water content and snow-rate retrievals from radars. Part II: Results from three wavelength radar-collocated in situ measurements and CloudSat-GPM-TRMM radar data 2018-02-01T00:00:00Z publication https://n2t.org/ark:/85065/d7qc066m https://doi.org/10.1175/JAMC-D-17-0164.1 Heymsfield, Andrew J. author Bansemer, Aaron R. author Wood, N. B. author Liu, G. author Tanelli, S. author Sy, O. O. author Poellot, M. author Liu, C. author UCAR/NCAR - Library publisher Two methods for deriving relationships between the equivalent radar reflectivity factor Z(e) and the snowfall rate S at three radar wavelengths are described. The first method uses collocations of in situ aircraft (microphysical observations) and overflying aircraft (radar observations) from two field programs to develop Z(e)-S relationships. In the second method, measurements of Z(e) at the top of the melting layer (ML), from radars on the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM), Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM), and CloudSat satellites, are related to the retrieved rainfall rate R at the base of the ML, assuming that the mass flux through the ML is constant. Retrievals of R are likely to be more reliable than S because far fewer assumptions are involved in the retrieval and because supporting ground-based validation data are available. The Z(e)-S relationships developed here for the collocations and the mass-flux technique are compared with those derived from level 2 retrievals from the standard satellite products and with a number of relationships developed and reported by others. It is shown that there are substantial differences among them. The relationships developed here promise improvements in snowfall-rate retrievals from satellite-based radar measurements. UCAR/NCAR - Library OpenSky Support PO Box 3000 Boulder CO 80307-3000 opensky@ucar.edu http://opensky.ucar.edu/ homepage pointOfContact PDF Text theme Resource Type 2016-01-01T00:00:00Z publication Copyright 2018 American Meteorological Society (AMS). None eng geoscientificInformation