Identification

Title

Impacts of predicted liquid fraction and multiple ice‐phase categories on the simulation of hail in the Predicted Particle Properties (P3) microphysics scheme

Abstract

Since its inception in 2015, the Predicted Particle Properties (P3) bulk microphysics scheme has undergone several major developments. Ice is now represented by a user‐specified number of freely‐evolving (non‐prescribed) categories; the liquid fraction of particles is predicted, thereby allowing for mixed‐phase particles and improved process rates; and the scheme is triple‐moment, which allows the size spectral width to vary independently. As such, P3 is now capable of representing key properties and microphysical processes that are important for hail. In this study, the impacts of some new capabilities of P3 on the simulation of hail amounts and sizes are examined in the context of idealized, high‐resolution (200‐m isotropic grid spacing) hailstorm simulations using a cloud‐resolving model. Sensitivity tests are conducted to examine the impacts of (a) the predicted liquid fraction, and (b) the number of generic ice‐phase categories (varied between one and four). Predicted liquid fraction leads to a more realistic treatment of melting and shedding, which decreases the mean ice (hail) sizes during melting compared to the original P3 scheme. In contrast, with an increasing number of ice‐phase categories, the problem of property dilution is mitigated, ultimately resulting in greater quantities of hail and larger sizes reaching the surface. It is argued that the latest version of the P3 scheme is now capable of realistically representing the major microphysical processes involved in the initiation, growth, and decay of hail.

Resource type

document

Resource locator

Unique resource identifier

code

https://n2t.net/ark:/85065/d7pv6qs7

codeSpace

Dataset language

eng

Spatial reference system

code identifying the spatial reference system

Classification of spatial data and services

Topic category

geoscientificInformation

Keywords

Keyword set

keyword value

Text

originating controlled vocabulary

title

Resource Type

reference date

date type

publication

effective date

2016-01-01T00:00:00Z

Geographic location

West bounding longitude

East bounding longitude

North bounding latitude

South bounding latitude

Temporal reference

Temporal extent

Begin position

End position

Dataset reference date

date type

publication

effective date

2025-03-01T00:00:00Z

Frequency of update

Quality and validity

Lineage

Conformity

Data format

name of format

version of format

Constraints related to access and use

Constraint set

Use constraints

<span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:10pt;font-style:normal;" data-sheets-root="1">Copyright author(s). This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</span>

Limitations on public access

None

Responsible organisations

Responsible party

contact position

OpenSky Support

organisation name

UCAR/NCAR - Library

full postal address

PO Box 3000

Boulder

80307-3000

email address

opensky@ucar.edu

web address

http://opensky.ucar.edu/

name: homepage

responsible party role

pointOfContact

Metadata on metadata

Metadata point of contact