edu.ucar.opensky::articles:43402
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2025-12-24T17:52:55.113057
ISO 19115-2 Geographic Information - Metadata - Part 2:
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https://n2t.net/ark:/85065/d79z999r
https://doi.org/10.5880/Kp.0001
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Related Dataset #1
Geomagnetic Kp index
Unveiling ionospheric response to the May 2024 superstorm with lowâEarthâorbit satellite observations
2025-04-01T00:00:00Z
publication
https://n2t.net/ark:/85065/d79z999r
https://doi.org/10.1029/2024SW004245
Zakharenkova, Irina
author
Cherniak, Iurii
author
Braun, John J.
author
Weiss, Jan-Peter
author
Wu, Qian
author
Van Hove, Teresa
author
Hunt, Douglas C.
author
Sleziak, Maggie
author
UCAR/NCAR - Library
publisher
The space weather event on 10–11 May 2024 was a high‐impact geomagnetic storm, resulting in a SYM‐H index decrease to −518 nT, the lowest level registered in several decades. We investigated the response of the Earth's ionosphere during the main phase of this storm using a comprehensive data set of ionospheric observations (in situ plasma density and/or Total Electron Content (TEC)) from twenty Low‐Earth‐Orbit satellites such as COSMIC‐2, Swarm, GRACE‐FO, Spire, DMSP, and Jason‐3, orbiting at altitudes between 320 and 1,330 km. We found that ionospheric response followed a classical development pattern with the largest positive effects occurred at low and middle latitudes in daytime and evening sectors, associated with significant intensification of the Equatorial Ionization Anomaly (EIA) by the super fountain effect. The greatest effects occurred in the Pacific and American longitudinal sectors, which were in daylight, between 19 and 24 UT on 10 May 2024. This time overlaps with a period of steady southward IMF Bz and favorable conditions for long‐lasting penetration electric fields. The EIA crest‐to‐crest separation expanded to 40–60° in latitude with the largest poleward excursion of the crest to ∼27° magnetic latitude. The extreme EIA expansion with crest separation up to 60° in latitude along with a giant plasma bite‐out near the magnetic equator were observed in the dusk/evening sector over South America. The ground‐based TEC showed an enhancement up to ∼200 TECU, while satellites detected an increase in topside TEC up to ∼100–155 TECU, indicating key contribution of the topside ionosphere into the ground‐based TEC.
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2016-01-01T00:00:00Z
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