edu.ucar.opensky::articles:26488 UCAR/NCAR - Library OpenSky Support PO Box 3000 Boulder CO 80307-3000 opensky@ucar.edu http://opensky.ucar.edu/ homepage pointOfContact 2025-12-24T19:29:53.987850 ISO 19115-2 Geographic Information - Metadata - Part 2: Extensions for Imagery and Gridded Data ISO 19115-2:2009(E) https://n2t.org/ark:/85065/d7wh2v0g https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8063415 https Related JournalArticle #1 The Microphysics of the Warm-rain and Ice Crystal Processes of Precipitation in Simulated Continental Convective Storms The microphysics of the warm-rain and ice crystal processes of precipitation in simulated continental convective storms 2023-06-27T00:00:00Z publication https://n2t.org/ark:/85065/d7wh2v0g https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-023-00884-5 Gupta, A. K. author Deshmukh, A. author Waman, D. author Patade, S. author Jadav, A. author Phillips, V. T. J. author Bansemer, Aaron R. author Martins, J. A. author Gonçalves, F. L. T. author UCAR/NCAR - Library publisher Precipitation in clouds can form by either warm-rain or ice crystal processes, referred to as warm and cold formation pathways, respectively. Here, we investigate the warm and cold pathway contributions to surface precipitation in simulated continental convective storms. We analyze three contrasting convective storms that are cold-based, slightly warm-based and very warm-based. We apply tracer-tagging techniques in our aerosol-cloud model to determine simulated microphysical pathways that lead to precipitation. We find cold components of graupel and rain mass were higher than warm components in cold- and slightly warm-based clouds. By contrast, in very warm-based clouds nearly 80% of surface precipitation was formed via warm-rain processes. Lowering of cloud base altitude to levels about 10-20 K warmer switched surface precipitation to being mostly warm, due to enhanced moisture content in the planetary boundary layer and larger cloud droplets aloft intensifying raindrop freezing. Our simulations indicate that warm and cold processes co-exist in any storm and the balance between them is determined by cloud base temperature and solute aerosol conditions. UCAR/NCAR - Library OpenSky Support PO Box 3000 Boulder CO 80307-3000 opensky@ucar.edu http://opensky.ucar.edu/ homepage pointOfContact PDF Text theme Resource Type 2016-01-01T00:00:00Z publication Copyright author(s). This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. None eng geoscientificInformation