edu.ucar.opensky::articles:23114 UCAR/NCAR - Library OpenSky Support PO Box 3000 Boulder CO 80307-3000 opensky@ucar.edu http://opensky.ucar.edu/ homepage pointOfContact 2025-12-25T15:19:00.034278 ISO 19115-2 Geographic Information - Metadata - Part 2: Extensions for Imagery and Gridded Data ISO 19115-2:2009(E) https://n2t.org/ark:/85065/d7s46w5x https://doi.org/10.6075/J0542KSG https Related Dataset #1 Scripps CO2 Program Data https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.2571986 https Related Software #1 Resplandy et al 2018 - APO Quantification of ocean heat uptake from changes in atmospheric O2 and CO2 composition 2019-12-27T00:00:00Z publication https://n2t.org/ark:/85065/d7s46w5x https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-56490-z Resplandy, L. author Keeling, R. F. author Eddebbar, Y. author Brooks, M. author Wang, R. author Bopp, L. author Long, Matthew author Dunne, J. P. author Koeve, W. author Oschlies, A. author UCAR/NCAR - Library publisher The ocean is the main source of thermal inertia in the climate system. Ocean heat uptake during recent decades has been quantified using ocean temperature measurements. However, these estimates all use the same imperfect ocean dataset and share additional uncertainty due to sparse coverage, especially before 2007. Here, we provide an independent estimate by using measurements of atmospheric oxygen (O-2) and carbon dioxide (CO2) - levels of which increase as the ocean warms and releases gases - as a whole ocean thermometer. We show that the ocean gained 1.29 +/- 0.79 x 10(22) Joules of heat per year between 1991 and 2016, equivalent to a planetary energy imbalance of 0.80 +/- 0.49W watts per square metre of Earth's surface. We also find that the ocean-warming effect that led to the outgassing of O-2 and CO2 can be isolated from the direct effects of anthropogenic emissions and CO2 sinks. Our result - which relies on high-precision O-2 atmospheric measurements dating back to 1991 - leverages an integrative Earth system approach and provides much needed independent confirmation of heat uptake estimated from ocean data. UCAR/NCAR - Library OpenSky Support PO Box 3000 Boulder CO 80307-3000 opensky@ucar.edu http://opensky.ucar.edu/ homepage pointOfContact PDF Text theme Resource Type 2016-01-01T00:00:00Z publication Copyright author(s). This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. None eng geoscientificInformation