edu.ucar.opensky::technotes:296 UCAR/NCAR - Library OpenSky Support PO Box 3000 Boulder CO 80307-3000 opensky@ucar.edu http://opensky.ucar.edu/ homepage pointOfContact 2025-12-26T16:33:35.774915 ISO 19115-2 Geographic Information - Metadata - Part 2: Extensions for Imagery and Gridded Data ISO 19115-2:2009(E) https://n2t.org/ark:/85065/d7f18z4x Introduction to Adjoint Techniques and the MM5 Adjoint Modeling System 1997-01-01T00:00:00Z publication https://n2t.org/ark:/85065/d7f18z4x https://doi.org/10.5065/D6F18WNM Zou, X. author Vandenberghe, F. author Pondeca, M. author Kuo, Y. author UCAR/NCAR - Library publisher Adjoint models are increasingly applied to many problems in meteorology and oceanography. The adjoint model of MM5 is a tool which effectively computes the gradient (or a Gateau-derivative) of any MM5 forecast aspect with respect to the model's control variables, which consist of model initial conditions, boundary conditions, and model parameters that define the physical and numerical conditions of the integration. Different applications of adjoint models in meteorology are briefly reviewed and their mathematical formulae are provided which illustrate how the adjoint model and/or tangent linear model are used in each application. Then we describe the mathematical and numerical formulation used in developing the adjoint version of MM5. The possibility of carrying out optimal control of lateral boundary condition in addition to the initial condition, the restart of minimization procedure, the proper handling of disk space for large problems, and the choice of different basic state update frequencies are provided. Finally, problems that might arise in the practical coding of the adjoint of a numerical model are summarized. A number of rules for the practical coding of tangent linear and adjoint models, along with various examples, are presented. The problems raised by the development and maintenance of adjoint codes are also discussed. UCAR/NCAR - Library OpenSky Support PO Box 3000 Boulder CO 80307-3000 opensky@ucar.edu http://opensky.ucar.edu/ homepage pointOfContact PDF Text theme Resource Type 2016-01-01T00:00:00Z publication Weather research/forecast models theme U.S. National Aeronautics and Space Administration Global Change Master Directory GCMD 2021-09-17 revision 11.2 NASA Global Change Master Directory originator Valids List: Science and Services Keywords Copyright Author(s). This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. None eng geoscientificInformation