Climatological characteristics of hydrometeors in precipitating clouds over Eastern China and their relationship with precipitation based on ERA5 reanalysis

The long-term characteristics of four hydrometeor species (cloud water, cloud ice, rain, and snow) in precip-itating clouds over eastern China (divided into South China, Jianghuai, and North China) and their relationships with surface rainfall are first investigated using the fifth major global reanalysis produced by the European Centre for Medium -Range Weather Forecasts (ERA5) hourly dataset from May to August during 1979-2020. The results show that the cloud water path decreases significantly from south to north as a result of the large-scale circulation and water vapor distribution, with the maximum value of 180 g m-2 in South China and only one-half of that value in North China. The slope in linear relationship between rainwater path and precipitation intensity is at the maximum (5.68 h-1) in South China, implying the highest conversion rate from rainwater to precipitation in this region. When the precipitation rate exceeds 15 mm h-1, the ice-phase hydrometeor contents in South China become the largest among the three regions, indicating that the cold-rain process is crucial to heavy rainfall. The moisture-related processes play a dominant role in the precipitation intensity. Although the contribution of hydrometeor advection to precipitation is generally between-5% and 5%, we found that it can jointly modulate the location of heavy rainfall. In addition, the peaks of cloud water path commonly appear 2-3 h ahead of precipitation, whereas the peaks of ice-phase particles occur 2 and 1 h behind the afternoon precipitation onset in South China and Jianghuai, respectively, which is mainly attributed to the different upward velocity and water vapor convergence in the mid-upper troposphere.