On the intermittent occurrence of open-ocean polynyas in a multi-century high-resolution preindustrial earth system model simulation

A 500-year-long high-resolution Community Earth System Model simulation under preindustrial radiative forcing produces Maud Rise Polynyas (MRPs) and Weddell Sea Polynya (WSP) events intermittently from decadal (MRP) to multidecadal (WSP) timescales. This periodicity is correlated with the variation of a regional Southern Annular Mode (SAM) index (evaluated regionally instead of circum-Antarctic) with corresponding variations of precipitation and winds over the Weddell Sea. A negative index causes the upper-ocean salinity to increase over multiple decades. Ultimately, brine rejection during seasonal sea-ice formation superimposed on the multidecadal increase raises the upper-ocean salinity beyond the tipping point for triggering deep convection that leads to polynyas. The initiation of polynya events is thus controlled by surface properties while the location of initiation is determined by bathymetric features. The persistent Taylor column effect, which is well represented by the high-resolution model topography of the Maud Rise seamount, preconditions this region for MRP initiation. Therefore, MRPs form more frequently than WSPs in the simulation. When the upper-ocean salinity is high, deep convection in the MRP region tends to be stronger, in which case MRPs are also more likely to grow into WSPs. Once WSPs emerge, they affect the regional atmospheric circulation and associated variables. We propose a regional coupled ocean-atmosphere mechanism to explain both the periodic emergence of polynyas and the periodic variation of the regional SAM index. Although the temperature and salinity of Weddell Deep Water show upward trends due to model drift, these density-compensating changes do not affect the frequency of polynya formation.