Eastern boundary upwelling systems in ocean–sea ice simulations forced by CORE and JRA55-do: Mean state and variability at the surface

In this paper we summarize improvements in climate model simulation of eastern boundary upwelling systems the higher-resolution Japanese 55-year Atmospheric Reanalysis for driving ocean-sea ice models (JRA55-do, --0.5 degrees) and also due to refining ocean grid spacing from 1 degrees to 0.1 degrees. The focus is on sea surface temperature (SST), a key variable for climate studies, and which is typically too warm in climate model representation of EBUS. The change in forcing leads to a betterdefined atmospheric low-level coastal jet, leading to more equatorward ocean flow and coastal upwelling, both in turn acting to reduce SST over the upwelling regions off the west coast of North America, Peru, and Chile. The refinement of ocean resolution then leads to narrower and stronger alongshore ocean flow and coastal upwelling, and the emergence of strong acrossshore temperature gradients not seen with the coarse ocean model. Off northwest Africa the SST bias mainly improves with ocean resolution but not with forcing, while in the Benguela, JRA55-do with high-resolution ocean leads to lower SST but a substantial bias relative to observations remains. Reasons for the Benguela bias are discussed in the context of companion regional ocean model simulations. Finally, we address to what extent improvements in mean state lead to changes to the monthly to interannual variability. It is found that large-scale SST variability in EBUS on monthly and longer time scales is largely governed by teleconnections from climate modes and less sensitive to model resolution and forcing than the mean state.