Effects of fire diurnal variation and plume rise on U.S. air quality during FIREX-AQ and WE-CAN based on the Multi-Scale Infrastructure for Chemistry and Aerosols (MUSICAv0)

We analyze the effects of the diurnal cycle of fire emissions (DCFE) and plume rise on U.S. air quality using the MUSICAv0 (Multi-Scale Infrastructure for Chemistry and Aerosols Version 0) model during the FIREX-AQ (Fire Influence on Regional to Global Environments and Air Quality) and WE-CAN (Western wildfire Experiment for Cloud chemistry, Aerosol absorption and Nitrogen) field campaigns. To include DCFE in the model, we employ two approaches: a DCFE climatology and DCFE derived from a satellite fire radiative power product. We also implemented two sets of plume-rise climatologies, and two plume-rise parameterizations. We evaluate the model performance with airborne measurements, U.S. EPA Air Quality System surface measurements, and satellite products. Overall, including plume rise improves model agreement with observations such as aircraft observations of CO and NOx for FIREX-AQ and WE-CAN. Applying DCFE also improves model performance, such as for surface PM2.5 in fire-impacted regions. The impact of plume rise is larger than the impact of DCFE. Plume rise can greatly enhance modeled long-range transport of fire-emitted pollutants. The simulations with plume-rise parameterizations generally perform better than the simulations with plume-rise climatologies during FIREX-AQ, but not for WE-CAN. The 2019 Williams Flats Fire case study demonstrates that DCFE and plume rise change fire impacts because fire emissions are subject to different meteorology and chemistry when emitted at different times of a day and altitudes. Moreover, DCFE and plume rise also impact local-to-regional meteorology and chemical reaction rates. DCFE and plume rise will be included in future MUSICA versions.