Emergent constraints on the large scale atmospheric circulation and regional hydroclimate: do they still work in CMIP6 and how much can they actually constrain the future?

An emergent constraint (EC) is a statistical relationship, across a model ensemble, between a measurable aspect of the present-day climate (the predictor) and an aspect of future projected climate change (the predictand). If such a relationship is robust and understood, it may provide constrained projections for the real world. Here, models from phase 6 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP6) are used to revisit several ECs that were proposed in prior model intercomparisons with two aims: 1) to assess whether these ECs survive the partial out-of-sample test of CMIP6 and 2) to more rigorously quantify the constrained projected change than previous studies. To achieve the latter, methods are proposed whereby uncertainties can be appropriately accounted for, including the influence of internal variability, uncertainty on the linear relationship, and the uncertainty associated with model structural differences, aside from those described by the EC. Both least squares regression and a Bayesian hierarchical model are used. Three ECs are assessed: (i) the relationship between Southern Hemisphere jet latitude and projected jet shift, which is found to be a robust and quantitatively useful constraint on future projections; (ii) the relationship between stationary wave amplitude in the Pacific-North American sector and meridional wind changes over North America (with extensions to hydroclimate), which is found to be robust but improvements in the predictor in CMIP6 result in it no longer substantially constraining projected change in either circulation or hydroclimate; and (iii) the relationship between ENSO teleconnections to California and California precipitation change, which does not appear to be robust when using historical ENSO teleconnections as the predictor.