Mechanisms of low-frequency oxygen variability in the North Pacific

This study investigates the mechanisms of interannual and decadal variability of dissolved oxygen (O-2) in the North Pacific using historical observations and a hindcast simulation using the Community Earth System Model. The simulated variability of upper ocean (200 m) O-2 is moderately correlated with observations where sampling density is relatively high. The dominant mode of O-2 variability explains 24.8% of the variance and is significantly correlated with the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) index (r = 0.68). Two primary mechanisms are hypothesized by which the PDO controls upper ocean O-2 variability. Vertical movement of isopycnals ("heave") drives O-2 variations in the deep tropics; isopycnal surfaces are depressed in the eastern tropics under the positive (El Nino-like) phase of PDO, leading to O-2 increases in the upper water column. In contrast to the tropics, changes in subduction are the primary control on extratropical O-2 variability. These hypotheses are tested by contrasting O-2 anomalies with the heave-induced component of variability calculated from potential density anomalies. Isopycnal heave is the leading control on O-2 variability in the tropics, but heave alone cannot fully explain the amplitude of tropical O-2 variability, likely indicating reinforcing changes from the biological O-2 consumption. Midlatitude O-2 variability indeed reflects ocean ventilation downstream of the subduction region where O-2 anomalies are correlated with the depth of winter mixed layer. These mechanisms, synchronized with the PDO, yield a basin-scale pattern of O-2 variability that are comparable in magnitude to the projected rates of ocean deoxygenation in this century under "unchecked" emission scenario.