Quantifying the nitrogen isotope effects during photochemical equilibrium between NO and NO2: Implications for δ15N in tropospheric reactive nitrogen

Nitrogen isotope fractionations between nitrogen oxides (NO and NO2) play a significant role in determining the nitrogen isotopic compositions (delta N-15) of atmospheric reactive nitrogen. Both the equilibrium isotopic exchange between NO and NO2 molecules and the isotope effects occurring during the NO, photochemical cycle are important, but both are not well constrained. The nighttime and daytime isotopic fractionations between NO and NO2 in an atmospheric simulation chamber at atmospherically relevant NOx levels were measured. Then, the impact of NO, level and NO2 photolysis rate on the combined isotopic fractionation (equilibrium isotopic exchange and photochemical cycle) between NO and NO2 was calculated. It was found that the isotope effects occurring during the NO, photochemical cycle can be described using a single fractionation factor, designated the Leighton cycle isotope effect (LCIE). The results showed that at room temperature, the fractionation factor of nitrogen isotopic exchange is 1.0289 +/- 0.0019, and the fractionation factor of LCIE (when O-3 solely controls the oxidation from NO to NO2) is 0.990 +/- 0.005. The measured LCIE factor showed good agreement with previous field measurements, suggesting that it could be applied in an ambient environment, although future work is needed to assess the isotopic fractionation factors of NO + RO2/HO2 -> NO2. The results were used to model the NO-NO2 isotopic fractionations under several NOx conditions. The model suggested that isotopic exchange was the dominant factor when NOx > nmol mol(-1), while LCIE was more important at low NOx concentrations (< 1 nmol mol(-1)) and high rates of NO2 photolysis. These findings provided a useful tool to quantify the isotopic fractionations between tropospheric NO and NO2, which can be applied in future field observations and atmospheric chemistry models.