The 1430s: A cold period of extraordinary internal climate variability during the early Spörer Minimum with social and economic impacts in north-western and central Europe

Changes in climate affected human societies throughout the last millennium. While European cold periods in the 17th and 18th century have been assessed in detail, earlier cold periods received much less attention due to sparse information available. New evidence from proxy archives, historical documentary sources and climate model simulations permit us to provide an interdisciplinary, systematic assessment of an exceptionally cold period in the 15th century. Our assessment includes the role of internal, unforced climate variability and external forcing in shaping extreme climatic conditions and the impacts on and responses of the medieval society in north-western and central Europe.

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Copyright Author(s) 2016. This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License
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Author Camenisch, C.
Keller, K. M.
Salvisberg, M.
Amann, B.
Bauch, M.
Blumer, S.
Brázdil, R.
Brönnimann, S.
Büntgen, U.
Campbell, B. M. S.
Fernández-Donado, L.
Fleitmann, D.
Glaser, R.
González-Rouco, F.
Grosjean, M.
Hoffmann, R. C.
Huhtamaa, H.
Joos, F.
Kiss, A.
Kotyza, O.
Lehner, Flavio
Luterbacher, J.
Maughan, N.
Neukom, R.
Novy, T.
Pribyl, K.
Raible, C. C.
Riemann, D.
Schuh, M.
Slavin, P.
Werner, J. P.
Wetter, O.
Publisher UCAR/NCAR - Library
Publication Date 2016-12-01T00:00:00
Digital Object Identifier (DOI) Not Assigned
Alternate Identifier N/A
Resource Version N/A
Topic Category geoscientificInformation
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Metadata Date 2025-07-11T19:53:16.961411
Metadata Record Identifier edu.ucar.opensky::articles:19380
Metadata Language eng; USA
Suggested Citation Camenisch, C., Keller, K. M., Salvisberg, M., Amann, B., Bauch, M., Blumer, S., Brázdil, R., Brönnimann, S., Büntgen, U., Campbell, B. M. S., Fernández-Donado, L., Fleitmann, D., Glaser, R., González-Rouco, F., Grosjean, M., Hoffmann, R. C., Huhtamaa, H., Joos, F., Kiss, A., Kotyza, O., Lehner, Flavio, Luterbacher, J., Maughan, N., Neukom, R., Novy, T., Pribyl, K., Raible, C. C., Riemann, D., Schuh, M., Slavin, P., Werner, J. P., Wetter, O.. (2016). The 1430s: A cold period of extraordinary internal climate variability during the early Spörer Minimum with social and economic impacts in north-western and central Europe. UCAR/NCAR - Library. https://n2t.org/ark:/85065/d72z179q. Accessed 25 October 2025.

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