Divergence and vorticity from aircraft air motion measurements

This paper considers the accuracy of divergence estimates obtained from aircraft measurements of the horizontal velocity field and points out an error that appears in these estimates that has heretofore not been addressed. A procedure for eliminating this error is presented. The divergence and vorticity are estimated from the coefficients of a least squares fit to a wind field obtained from the Second Dynamics and Chemistry of Marine Stratocumulus (DYCOMS-II) circular flight legs. These estimates are compared with estimates from numerical models and satellites and with airplane estimates based on tracer budgets and the temporal changes in cloud-top height. The estimates are consistent with expectations and estimates using other methods, albeit somewhat high. Furthermore, significant differences occur among the cases, likely due to the large differences in the techniques. The results indicate that the wind field technique is a viable approach for estimating mesoscale divergence if the wind measurements are accurate. The largest source of wind field systematic error may be the result of flow distortion effects on the air velocity measurement and limitations of in-flight calibrations. Because of flow distortion, the only way the current systems can be calibrated is by flight maneuvers, which assume a steady-state homogeneous nonturbulent atmosphere. Analysis of the errors in this technique suggests that wind field measurements with minimal systematic errors should provide estimates of divergence with much greater accuracy than is now possible with other existing methods.