Influence of ENSO and volcanic eruptions on Himalayan jet latitude

The position of the subtropical jet over the Himalayas (Himalayan jet) affects extreme precipitation and heat over Central and South Asia. We examine the influence of two major natural factors-the El Ni ntilde;o/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and explosive volcanic eruptions-on Himalayan jet interannual variability during the past millennium using simulations from the Community Earth System Model. We find that both El Ni ntilde;o events and eruptions shift the Himalayan jet equatorward by up to 3 degrees. If an El Ni ntilde;o occurs following an eruption, this enhances the equatorward Himalayan jet shift, while La Ni ntilde;a tends to favor poleward jet migration. Subtropical cooling during El Ni ntilde;o or following eruptions is the primary cause of equatorward Himalayan jet shifts, while poleward shifts are associated with subtropical warming. Consistent across the CMIP6 models over the historical period, our results suggest that both ENSO and eruptions are the key drivers of interannual Himalayan jet variability.