Development and testing of polar WRF. Part III: Arctic land

A version of the state-of-the-art Weather Research and Forecasting model (WRF) has been developed for use in polar climates. The model known as "Polar WRF" is tested for land areas with a western Arctic grid that has 25-km resolution. This work serves as preparation for the high-resolution Arctic System Reanalysis of the years 2000-2010. The model is based upon WRF version 3.0.1.1, with improvements to the Noah land surface model and snow/ice treatment Simulations consist of a series of 48-hour integrations initialized daily at 0000 UTC with the initial 24 hours are taken as spin-up for atmospheric hydrology and boundary layer processes. Soil temperature and moisture, that have a much slower spin-up than the atmosphere, are cycled from 48-hr output of earlier runs. Arctic conditions are simulated for a winter to summer seasonal cycle from 15 November 2006 to 1 August 2007. Simulation results are compared with a variety of observations from several Alaskan sites, with emphasis on the North Slope. Polar WRF simulation results show good agreement with most near-surface observations. Warm temperature biases are found for winter and summer. A sensitivity experiment with reduced soil heat conductivity, however, improves simulation of near surface temperature, ground heat flux, and soil temperature during winter. There is a marked deficit in summer cloud cover over land with excessive incident shortwave radiation. The cloud deficit may result from anomalous vertical mixing of moisture by the turbulence parameterization. The new snow albedo parameterization for WRF 3.1.1 is successfully tested for snow melt over the North Slope of Alaska.