Electromagnetic ducting in the near-shore marine environment: Results from the Casper-East Field Experiment

We used the observations from the east coast of the USA and model simulations to elicit marine atmospheric surface layer (MASL) processes that controlled the spatial variability of electromagnetic ducting conditions in the near-shore (60 km) marine environment during CASPER-East field campaign. The estimated evaporation duct height (EDH) showed an average decrease of similar to 2.5 m over every 10 km distance from the shore. The surface layer stability conditions chiefly determined the duct heights. While the mean duct height remained similar to 10 m under unstable conditions, deeper (>20 m) evaporation ducts were frequently evident (similar to 40% of the time) during stable MASL conditions, which were responsible for the observed near-shore EDH variability. Episodes of warm offshore flow and advection of hot and humid air from the Gulfstream region created ideal environmental conditions for stable MASL development and thus deeper ducts over the coastal ocean. A detailed case study of warm and humid Gulfstream air advection over the cooler coastal ocean is presented to elucidate the temporal evolution of the surface layer stability and associated changes in the spatial distribution of the evaporation duct height.