Magnetic field evolution of the solar active region 13664

On 2024 May 10–11, the strongest geomagnetic storm since 2003 November occurred, with a peak Dst index of −412 nT. The storm was caused by NOAA active region (AR) 13664, which was the source of a large number of coronal mass ejections and flares, including 12 X-class flares. Starting from about May 7, AR 13664 showed a steep increase in its size and (free) magnetic energy, along with increased flare activity. In this study, we perform 3D magnetic field extrapolations with the NF2 nonlinear force-free code based on physics-informed neural networks (R. Jarolim et al.). In addition, we introduce the computation of the vector potential to achieve divergence-free solutions. We extrapolate vector magnetograms from the Solar Dynamics Observatory’s Helioseismic and Magnetic Imager at the full 12 minute cadence from 2024 May 5 00:00 to 11 04:36 UT, in order to understand the AR’s magnetic evolution and the large eruptions it produced. A decrease in the calculated relative free magnetic energy can be related to solar flares in ∼90% of the cases, and all considered X-class flares are reflected by a decrease in the relative free magnetic energy. Regions of enhanced free magnetic energy and depleted magnetic energy between the start and end times of major X-class flares show spatial alignment with brightness increases in extreme-ultraviolet observations. We provide a detailed analysis of the X3.9-class flare on May 10, where we show that the interaction between separated magnetic domains is directly linked to major flaring events. With this study, we provide a comprehensive data set of the magnetic evolution of AR 13664 and make it publicly available for further analysis.

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Author Jarolim, Robert
Veronig, A. M.
Purkhart, S.
Zhang, P.
Rempel, Matthias
Publisher UCAR/NCAR - Library
Publication Date 2024-11-01T00:00:00
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Topic Category geoscientificInformation
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Metadata Date 2025-07-10T19:57:40.605088
Metadata Record Identifier edu.ucar.opensky::articles:42527
Metadata Language eng; USA
Suggested Citation Jarolim, Robert, Veronig, A. M., Purkhart, S., Zhang, P., Rempel, Matthias. (2024). Magnetic field evolution of the solar active region 13664. UCAR/NCAR - Library. https://n2t.net/ark:/85065/d7251phv. Accessed 03 August 2025.

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