An effective configuration of ensemble size and horizontal resolution for the NCEP GEFS

Two important questions are addressed in this paper using the Global Ensemble Forecast System (GEFS) from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP): (1) How many ensemble members are needed to better represent forecast uncertainties with limited computational resources? (2) What is the relative impact on forecast skill of increasing model resolution and ensemble size? Two-month experiments at T126L28 resolution were used to test the impact of varying the ensemble size from 5 to 80 members at the 500-hPa geopotential height. Results indicate that increasing the ensemble size leads to significant improvements in the performance for all forecast ranges when measured by probabilistic metrics, but these improvements are not significant beyond 20 members for long forecast ranges when measured by deterministic metrics. An ensemble of 20 to 30 members is the most effective configuration of ensemble sizes by quantifying the tradeoff between ensemble performance and the cost of computational resources. Two representative configurations of the GEFS--the T126L28 model with 70 members and the T190L28 model with 20 members, which have equivalent computing costs--were compared. Results confirm that, for the NCEP GEFS, increasing the model resolution is more (less) beneficial than increasing the ensemble size for a short (long) forecast range.